Inhaled respiratory medications are a cornerstone treatment for chronic airway diseases. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), short- and long-acting inhaled beta-agonists (SABA and LABA), and short- and long-acting inhaled muscarinic antagonists (SAMA and LAMA) are most frequently used for patients with chronic airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis.

In this study, we tried to elucidate the association between the use of inhaled bronchodilators/corticosteroids and complications such as hemoptysis, pregnancy -induced hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (acute myocardial infarction and tachyarrhythmia) and to compare the risk of hospital admission or emergency room visit for pneumonia according to inhaler device.